Utilitarianism And Its Moral Value - 1389 Words

Utilitarianism is a theory that delineates the bounds of morality with respect to actions taken by individuals in terms of what produces the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. The principle seeks to define first the morality of an action, allowing for the morality of a person to be derived based on the intent behind the respective action. The fundamentals of a person’s morality are then presented in a form that labels the person behind a morally defined action as either praiseworthy or blameworthy, a conclusion based directly on the intent behind an action. The central concept behind utilitarianism, happiness, requires that there be an objective fact of the matter about how much happiness exists. Before defining happiness, instrumental and intrinsic value must also be introduced, as they are necessary concepts for defining the relationship between an action and its moral value. Instrumental value revolves around a certain â€Å"anything’s† usefulness in seeing a process through completion, while a certain â€Å"anything’s† intrinsic value stems from existential value alone. For example, a pair of glasses’ instrumental value comes from its usefulness in allowing a person to see clearly, while happiness itself is the certain â€Å"anything† with intrinsic value. As such, happiness exists as a plausible measure in defining the morality behind an action. If happiness is the only â€Å"anything† that has value simply in and of itself, then measuring total net happinessShow MoreRelatedEthics Vs . Kantian Ethics1249 Words   |  5 Pagesthought that would best govern human decision making. Two prominent ethical theories that arose were utilitarianism and deontological ethics. Both ethical theories developed to establish and justify a set of different moral rules and principles. Utilitarianism, otherwise known as consequentialism, is an ethical theory that sees the best moral decision is one that maximizes utility, which implies that no moral decision is intrinsically right or wrong. Deontological ethics or Kantian ethics is a normativeRead MoreThe Moral Theory Of Utilitarianism1725 Words   |  7 PagesNumerous moral theories have surfaced in the past years. They have been widely debated by philosophers and social reformers. It is important to understand what these theories are because of their influential tendencies in the way people act, especially in making morally right or wrong decisions. Utilitarianism is one of these many moral theories. Upon further analysis, prob lems with utilitarian thoughts are revealed. It has been widely debated by many philosophers, including G.E. Moore and ImmanuelRead MoreThe Similarities and Differences Between Different Ethical Theories651 Words   |  3 PagesSimilarities and Differences in Ethics: The main aim of any ethical theory is to do what is right and good since it involves moral rules or acting based on specific ethical values. In certain cases, the right and good as well as the ethical rules and values are sometimes common to various ethical theories. Even though ethical theories have different reasons for application, there is an overlap in these theories that result in similar conduct in an ethical situation. There are various ethical theoriesRead MoreUtilitarianism, By John Stuart Mill1365 Words   |  6 Pages In John Stuart Mill’s book Utilitarianism, he argues for the defense of utilitarianism, an age old theory originally developed by Jeremy Bentham that states the proper course of action is the one that maximizes happiness. The course of action that maximizes general happiness is also the only true standard for moral assessment. Mill also introduces the idea of ‘first principle’ which states that it is not acceptable for individuals to ch aracterize actions as either ‘good’ or ‘bad’, because it isRead MoreUtilitarianism : Theory And Contemporary Issues1350 Words   |  6 Pagesof utilitarianism provides a solution to this but at what cost? What are the benefits and disadvantages of utilitarianism? Is utilitarianism an idea one should live by? What is utilitarianism? I plan on answering these questions within this paper and understand how they relate to everyday life. I will also look at arguments for and against utilitarianism. Then analyze the appealing and unappealing features to determine if utilitarianism should be followed as an absolute rule. Utilitarianism canRead MoreConsequentialism And Consequentialism : Virtue Ethics, Consequentialism, And Deontology1200 Words   |  5 Pagesbased on various criteria such as obligation, human rights, and virtue. More precisely, it is a development and establishment of one’s moral principle. And under the normative ethics, there are three categories of ethical frameworks: virtue ethics, consequentialism, and deontology. In this essay, I will more concentrate on consequentialism, especially utilitarianism, and deontology to make compare and contrast analysis of each other and how each case works differently and causes divergent result inRead MoreEssay about Eth 316 Week 1764 Words   |  4 Pages2013 Tammy Matthews Introduction Utilitarianism, deontological, and virtue theory ethics are three normative approaches to ethics. This paper will go over the similarities and differences between virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological principles. It will include information of the variations in how each concept details ethics, morality, and it will also discuss a personal experience to describe the correlation between virtue, values, and moral perceptions as they relate to one ofRead MoreUtilitarianism And The Political And Economic Aspects Of Development1493 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism in the political and economic aspects of development has been widely recognized and human social practice plays a huge impact. But the utilitarian always at the place of criticism, misunderstanding. People tend to equate utilitarianism simply with individualism. In fact, the means of utilitarianism not only consider a behaviour and motivation, and to emphasize life purpose should emerge to the scope of his own h appiness, to care about other people s happiness and the improvement ofRead MoreDescribe the Main Principles of the Two Normative Ethical Theories of Deontology and Utilitarianism. Compare and Contrast the Two Theories, Bringing Out Any Problems or Limitations You See in Each.1652 Words   |  7 PagesDescribe the main principles of the two normative ethical theories of deontology and utilitarianism. Compare and contrast the two theories, bringing out any problems or limitations you see in each. Bioethics Essay †¢ Intro: Define ethics and define and introduce the two theories. (philosophical theories†¦) †¢ Utilitarianism- example †¢ Deontology- example- compare †¢ comparing- evaluating and critically analyzing*- similarities and differences. †¢ Limitations and positives* Read MoreUtilitarian Arguments1681 Words   |  7 Pagesit may be, sacrificing the few for the good of the many. Utilitarian moral theories evaluate the moral worth of action on the basis of happiness that is produced by an action. Whatever produces the most happiness in the most people is the moral course of action. I will give the best arguments against Utilitarianism, and show in my own opinion, why I think they are wrong. The strongest counterargument against Utilitarianism would have to be Sterling Harwood’s eleven objections to the theory.

Siddhartha Dualism vs Monoism Free Essays

Western thought also states that e must live moral and just lives, free of sin. If I had to decide which philosophy is more forgiving and nurturing towards people, I would have to say that the Eastern realm of thought is less biased than the Western thought. Although I do not believe in a certain faith or god, Eastern thought appeals to me greater as opposed to the biased Western thought. We will write a custom essay sample on Siddhartha Dualism vs Monoism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The divine nature of the Eastern faith is more lenient and clear on underlying their concept and principles of a moral life. Western philosophy, as stated before is more biased towards its own beliefs. Western thought states that in order to reach salvation, you must follow the bible and live by Its guidelines and that you only get one chance at redemption and that everything else Is evil and a sure way to damnation. Eastern thought Is more lenient towards achieving the ultimate goal. Monism states that you don’t have to be a monk or a spiritual man to achieve salvation but you can learn to achieve salvation introspectively through your own way. Where as Dualism weighs people on sin, Monism weighs people based on Karma. Karma is the basic concept that every action will have an equal reaction in the future. Dualism states that we are all Judged by our Karma. Monism is clearer on the cycle of life and says that our Karma will determine what we will be reincarnated as. Western thought however states that we are weighed by our bad actions and that we only get one more chance at redemption or we do not reach salvation at all. To sum It up, monism has a very forgiving policy on redemption. In Western faith, It Is said that after one has parted from the physical world, he or he shall be Judged by the ultimate Judger to see If he or she Is worthy of salvation. In Eastern faith, once one has parted into the spirit world and has reached enlightenment, he or she shall live in everlasting bliss and get answers to all his or he questions. In all honesty, I think the afterlife is an illusion and that once we part from this world, it’s over. The afterlife seems to be a little farfetched and too vague for it to be true. And even if there are spirits resembling about, we never seem to see them come alive. Eastern thought however seems a little more reasonable and self- explanatory rather than the west’s notion of the afterlife. There are many deferent faiths in this world that millions believe in. Religion is a very powerful, very influential force in the world. There are many different view, different morals and different guidelines. One thing they all have in common Is the goal to reach salvation In an unknown afterlife. There are many evils that come from religion but good can also come from It as well. No belief Is true, there Is no one proper way how to live one’s life. Society may set the laws and regulations that How to cite Siddhartha Dualism vs Monoism, Papers

Of seeming wise Essay Example For Students

Of seeming wise Essay It hath been an opinion, that the French are wiser than they seem, and the Spaniards seem wiser than they are. But howsoever it be between nations, certainly it is so between man and man. For as the Apostle saith of godliness, Having a show of godliness, but denying the power thereof; so certainly there are, in point of wisdom and sufficiently, that do nothing or little very solemnly: magno conatu nugas. It is a ridiculous thing, and fit for a satire to persons of judgment, to see what shifts these formalists have, and what prospectives to make superficies to seem body, that hath depth and bulk. Some are so close and reserved, as they will not show their wares, but by a dark light; and seem always to keep back somewhat; and when they know within themselves, they speak of that they do not well know, would nevertheless seem to others, to know of that which they may not well speak. Some help themselves with countenance and gesture, and are wise by signs; as Cicero saith of Piso, that when he answered him he fetched one of his brows up to his forehead, and bent the other down to his chin; Respondes, altero ad frontem sublato, altero ad mentum depresso supercilio, crudelitatem tibi non placere. Some think to bear it by speaking a great word, and being peremptory; and go on, and take by admittance, that which they cannot make good. Some, whatsoever is beyond their reach, will seem to despise, or make light of it, as impertinent or curious; and so would have their ignorance seem judgment. Some are never without a difference, and commonly by amusing men with a subtilty, blanch the matter; of whom A. Gellius saith, Hominem delirum, qui verborum minutiis rerum frangit pondera. Of which kind also, Plato, in his Protagoras, bringeth in Prodius in scorn, and maketh him make a speech, that consisteth of distinction from the beginning to the end. Generally, such men in all deliberations find ease to be of the negative side, and affect a credit to object and foretell difficulties; for when propositions are denied, there is an end of them; but if they be allowed, it requireth a new work; which false point of wisdom is the bane of business. To conclude, there is no decaying merchant, or inward beggar, hath so many tricks to uphold the credit of their wealth, as these empty persons have, to maintain the credit of their sufficiency. Seeming wise men may make shift to get opinion; but let no man choose them for employment; for certainly you were better take for business, a man somewhat absurd, than over-formal.

White Noise The invasion of Consumerism in a PostM Essay Example For Students

White Noise The invasion of Consumerism in a PostM Essay odern Family The Invasion of Consumerism into the lives of a Post-Modern Family Consumerism is taking place everywhere. Whether we like it or not, it has come to invade our everyday modern lives. Steven Miles, a lecturer in sociology at the University of Plymouth says How we consume, why we consume, and the parameters laid down for us within which we consume have become increasingly significant influences on how we construct our everyday lives (1). Consumerism has even gotten to the point of affecting the way we go about living and controlling our personal and social lives (Miles 5). Wherever we go and whatever we do, consumerism is praised as the answer to all of our problems, an escape from some of the harsh realities of our lives. We will write a custom essay on White Noise The invasion of Consumerism in a PostM specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Don DeLillos White Noise depicts the different aspects of consumerism and the effects it has post-modern family that it invades. That specific family is the Gladneys from Blacksmith. For the Gladney family, Jack, Babette, Heinrich, Steffie, Denise, and Wilder, consumerism is a way of life. It is something they are always taking part in, even if it is unconsciously. Consumerism is incorporated in with virtually every activity the family takes part in, whether it be eating out, spending a day together at the shopping mall, or making a quick stop at the supermarket. Jack Gladney is a patron of supermarkets and shopping malls (McInerney 36). Jack alone, but more frequently with the company of one or more family members, makes trips to the supermarket. The supermarket has come to be a major point of intersection in todays culture (Conroy 97). Among the busy and bustling crowds of people, Jack often runs into acquaintances, most commonly a colleague from The College on The Hill, Murray Jay Siskind: The two girls and Babette, Wilder and I went to the supermarket. Minutes after we entered, we ran into Murray. This was the fourth or fifth time Id seen him in the supermarket, which was roughly the number of times Id seen him on campus. (35) Even Jacks daughter, Denise, runs into a group of friends during one shopping trip. They all gather together to look at books and talk. Jack also has many significant conversations with Murray while casually strolling up and down the aisles of the supermarket. On one such occasion, Murray tells Jack how happy he is to be in Blacksmith, in the supermarket, in the rooming house, on the Hill (36). He continues to say I feel I am learning important things every day. Death, disease, afterlife, outerspace. Its all much clearer here. I can think and see (36). With Murray expressing his feelings to Jack, it is almost as if these encounters at the supermarket are replacing customary Aside from being a meeting grounds, the supermarket is filled with many consumer goods conveniently in bulk. Jack describes this in one of his many trips to the There were six kinds of apples, there were exotic melons in several pastels. Everything seemed to be in season, This kind of abundance of goods is seen in just about everywhere. Ten years ago, most supermarkets stocked about nine thousand items and now todays stores carry over 24 thousand (Wolkormir). Most of these items come from a can or box and can be cooked in the microwave or require no cooking at all. This explains why the number of hours parents spend cooking is going down at an increasingly rapid rate and why McDonalds so proudly displays outside their restaurants, Over 1 Billion Served. Fast food restaurants play a big role in todays growing consumerism. Americans enjoy more restaurant prepared food than ever before. Carrie Reynolds, a fast food restaurant consultant says, we eat out today more because it fits our high-speed, consumer-mad lifestyles(qtd. in Silver 42). Almost half of every dollar spent in 1999 was spent eating out, and that figure is expected to up 53% by 2010 (Silver 40). .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b , .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b .postImageUrl , .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b , .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b:hover , .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b:visited , .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b:active { border:0!important; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b:active , .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue0e82041934b2498d1d0730774fd226b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on Poverty And Its Effects On America Essay The Gladneys are seen eating restaurant prepared food frequently, whether it be Chinese take-out night or dinner in a car outside of a commercial strip of fast food restaurants. This is common for families, especially because it is convenient for the parents busy schedules. Fast food may be convenient and seems great at the time, but in the long run, can eventually kill. One in five children between the ages of six and seventeen is overweight and if current trends continue, nearly half of todays .

Finding the Right Editor For Your Legal Writing Project

Finding the Right Editor For Your Legal Writing Project If his writing gig hadnt worked out so well, chances are Shakespeare may have made a fine legal editor in his day. Also likely true: He may have had to dial it back a few notches to comport with the more pragmatic goals of his clientele. Consider the following quote:The quality of mercy is not straind.It droppeth as the gentle rain from heavenUpon the place beneath: It is twice blessd;It blesseth him that gives and him that takes:Tis mightiest in the mightiest; it becomesThe throned monarch better than his crown;His sceptre shows the force of temporal power,The attribute to awe and majesty,Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings;But mercy is above this sceptred sway.It is enthroned in the hearts of kings,It is an attribute to God himself;And earthly power doth then show likest GodsWhen mercy seasons justice.Portia, disguised as young lawyer Balthazar in a Venetian Court of Justice, The Merchant of Venice, Act 4, scene 1Lets face it: Legal editing represents a unique conundrum. W hether mercy, or something else entirely, is the goal, an attorney or other legal professional who is seeking to hire an editor is looking for that unique individual who understands much is often at stake, and every phrase carries import.If youre searching for someone to edit legal text, first look for an individual who understands that caution and accuracy are paramount. After all, youre not producing a promotional press release or an advertisement. Rather, youre seeking assistance with documents that may well be placed under a microscope, scrutinized under the bright and unrelenting eyes of the court as well as opposing counsel. Under these circumstances, cute and catchy are rarely considerations. Rather, compelling is the watchword.What is the definition of compelling? According to Merriam-Webster, compelling is first defined as forceful, as in a compelling personality. Secondly, it is defined as demanding attention. Finally, compelling is defined as convincing. All three definit ions may prove relevant in a legal document. The nature of the editorial approach should largely depend on guidance provided by you, the client. Bear in mind, however, that even a recitation of just the facts can be made more compelling under the guidance of a skilled legal editor.Whereas the law is passionless, passion must ever sway the heart of man. AristotleAlthough your work is based in fact, you nonetheless seek to tell a great story that supports your overarching objectives as concisely as possible. Consider asking potential editors for samples of their own writing- in addition to their editing- that demonstrate an ability to forge a convincing narrative. A good editor is, first and foremost, an experienced, thoughtful writer, and this may prove the most effective test in determining compatibility. In almost any argument, you must convince your audience to care about what you have to say if you hope to prevail. A good editor will advance this cause.When seeking editorial assi stance for legal writing, also make certain any candidate under consideration understands and acknowledges your concerns. You may be looking for an editor to help unravel complex grammatical constructions, enhance clarity, and address inconsistencies and redundancies in the text. Most likely, youre not looking for heavy-handed editing that runs the risk of changing the meaning of the language. Make absolutely certain anyone you hire is aware of this and other editorial boundaries. Humility is a virtue when editing legal text. Editors are not attorneys, and respect for the original source of the information is critical. Look for an editor who is comfortable asking questions when necessary before altering text, especially in the early stages of your professional relationship.At the same time, take steps to ensure the editor you choose is competent enough to get the job done with questions kept to a minimum. Seek a well-organized individual who is capable of independently addressing th e lions share of issues that arise. If you find yourself constantly beset by queries and delays, the arrangement may be of little benefit to you. More than likely, youre already buried under a mountain of unrelenting deadlines, with precious little time to spare.Consider the merits of an ink-stained wretchIts possible that former journalists may be uniquely suited for legal editing. There may well be some parallels between your goal of ensuring accuracy and consistency and the old journalists credo: If your mother says she loves you, check it out. A journalist may also help to ensure that youve addressed the five Ws- who, what, when, where and why- in your argument. In summary, look for mature editors whose credentials mirror your values and objectives.Youll want to find an editor who pays close attention to the substance of headings and subheadings- critical navigational tools in your work- ensuring key arguments are not buried in text that may otherwise be overlooked. Any editor y ou choose should be able to carefully examine your document, making certain that the narrative is logical and chronologically ordered when appropriate. A strong editor will also be able to identify and eradicate redundancies and superfluous adjectives that bog down your argument. Any inconsistencies in the text- whether factual or structural in nature- should be found and fixed by your editor. If youre interested in ensuring correct legal citations, youll also need to make certain that the editor you choose is versed in this specialized field and is also able to adapt to potential jurisdictional peculiarities.Availability, volume, deadlines and pricing are all key considerations in your choice of an editor. How quickly can the editor respond when a rush project arises? Given the heavy workload in most law practices when it comes to document production, it may be wise to inquire about the number of pages an editor is capable of reviewing per workday, as well as weekend availability. Make clear your expectations so that the editor is ready when projects are assigned. You may also want to discuss the need to adjust editing approaches when there simply isnt time for an ideal review. In practice, this is a common dilemma. Can your editor focus exclusively on major issues when you have an expedited project? Candidates who demonstrate inflexibility may prove problematic when a critical document is in play. Also iron out pricing arrangements for all contingencies beforehand. Its one less thing to worry about when an emergency deadline looms, and it will help your editor plan accordingly.The pen is mightier than the sword. Edward Bulwer-LyttonFinally, technical savvy is a definite plus. If your voluminous document requires a table of contents that spans several pages, will your editor be able to quickly produce it? Ask about this and other technical skills that really matter when youre faced with unforgiving deadlines. Also inquire about approaches to proofreading. For instance, how will your editor address inconsistencies in the spelling of names and potential grammatical errors in citations? Its important to have these discussions up front so that your editor realizes such issues in legal text may pose unique problems. For instance, if they appear in a direct quote or a citation from an existing ruling, such problems should be left alone.Here again, humility and caution are virtues in your legal editor, because if these errors and inconsistencies are altered, it may render your citation factually inaccurate. You may hire a very good editor who does not know such things. Help them to excel by creating a list of the more esoteric aspects of your written projects, and stress the importance of adherence to the integrity of your work.Whether youre drafting a brief or a letter to a client, take the proper steps to ensure that the editor you choose helps advance your goals in all of your written work. Toward that end, ten important questions for poten tial legal editors follow:Is the editor familiar with the The Bluebook?Does the editor have a proper legal dictionary? You might ask candidates if theyre familiar with Blacks Law Dictionary or another personal favorite.Can the editor provide examples of legal documents successfully edited?Does the editor demonstrate an understanding of basic legal issues?Can the editor navigate the intricacies of a court filing if necessary?Does the editor understand the structural elements of most legal documents?Can the editor create or edit headings and subheadings, produce a table of contents, create or edit footnotes, and perform other technical work necessary to finalize documents?Does the editor recognize the importance of proofreading at the final stages to ensure absolute accuracy?If volume is a consideration, can the editor complete all work in a timely manner?Finally, are the terms of the arrangement, including pricing, deadlines and expectations, agreeable to both parties?Additional onli ne resourcesSeveral online guides outline the how tos of legal writing. A few helpful links for editors as well as clients are listed below. The last is just for kicks.ABA Journal: 10 Tips for Better Legal WritingCopyediting.com: How to Edit for LawyersThe Economist: Why Lawyers Love Shakespeare

What Is a Good SAT Subject Test Score

What Is a Good SAT Subject Test Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips What's a good Subject Test score? This might soundlike a straightforward question, but it's actually a little more complicated. What makes a good score varies by SAT Subject Test as the number of test takers differs from test to test. For instance, in 2017 more than 140,000 students took the Math Level II Test, more than 48,000 students took the Literature Test, and only 453 took the Modern Hebrew Test. As you'll see below, most good scores for SAT Subject Tests are in the 700s, but there are other factors to consider as you set your target scores. Let's take a look at the average scores and percentiles so you can know what a good score is for each individual SAT Subject Test. While we'll be looking at statistics and college requirements to answer this question, it's also important you learn to define what "good" means to you. Ultimately, with effort and preparation, you should be proud of the Subject Test scores you achieve! What Are the Average SAT Subject Test Scores? Good SAT Subject Test scores tend to be a fair deal higher than good scores on the general SAT since high academic achievers tend to take the Subject Tests. The following chart shows the 2018 averages for each SAT Subject Test. For a full breakdown of what these average scores mean, check out this article. SAT Subject Test Mean Score Chemistry 666 Chinese with Listening 760 Ecological Biology 618 French 628 French with Listening 668 German 620 German with Listening 618 Italian 666 Japanese with Listening 703 Korean with Listening 761 Latin 626 Literature 607 Math Level I 605 Math Level II 693 Modern Hebrew 612 Molecular Biology 650 Physics 667 Spanish 647 Spanish with Listening 662 U.S. History 640 World History 622 Source: The College Board See how the average score for Korean with Listening is an incredibly high 761? The average for Math Level I looks like a more reasonable 605. So a "good" score would be higher than average, maybe even in the top 25% of test takers, or top 5% if you're shooting for the Ivy League. Based on these averages, a score of 700 could mean completely different things depending on the test. It would be a strong score on the Literature test but only slightly above average on Math Level II. And on the Korean with Listening test, a 700 would be way below average. Now that you have a sense of the average scores for each test and why they matter for your percentile,let's look at the most recent score percentiles. What Are the SAT Subject Test Score Percentiles? Along with getting a score somewhere between 200 and 800, you also get a score percentile, which compares you with other students who took the test. Scoring in the 80th percentile, for example, means you scored higher than 80% of students. The charts below show how scores translated to percentiles for test takers in 2018. All information is taken from the College Board. Literature, History, and Math Subject Tests Score Literature U.S. History World History Math Level I Math Level II Score 800 99 97 96 99 79 800 790 98 95 94 98 75 790 780 96 93 92 98 71 780 770 94 90 90 96 67 770 760 93 87 87 95 63 760 750 91 83 85 92 60 750 740 88 80 83 89 57 740 730 85 76 80 86 54 730 720 82 72 76 82 50 720 710 79 68 74 78 48 710 700 75 64 71 74 45 700 690 71 60 68 71 42 690 680 67 56 64 68 39 680 670 65 52 61 65 37 670 660 60 49 58 61 34 660 650 56 46 55 57 31 650 640 53 42 52 54 28 640 630 49 39 49 51 26 630 Science Subject Tests Score Biology E Biology M Chemistry Physics Score 800 97 94 90 87 800 790 96 91 87 84 790 780 95 89 83 81 780 770 92 86 80 77 770 760 91 82 76 74 760 750 88 79 72 70 750 740 86 75 68 67 740 730 83 72 64 63 730 720 80 68 60 60 720 710 77 64 57 57 710 700 74 61 54 53 700 690 70 57 50 50 690 680 67 53 47 47 680 670 63 50 44 43 670 660 60 46 41 41 660 650 55 42 38 38 650 640 52 39 35 35 640 Language With Listening Subject Tests Score Chinese French German Japanese Korean Spanish Score 800 62 80 96 88 62 94 800 790 46 78 96 75 47 91 790 780 35 76 92 68 36 86 780 770 30 73 90 63 30 82 770 760 25 70 88 55 25 78 760 750 22 66 83 50 21 74 750 740 20 64 80 46 18 69 740 730 17 61 76 43 16 66 730 720 15 57 73 40 13 62 720 710 14 55 70 35 12 58 710 700 12 53 66 33 11 55 700 690 11 49 63 32 10 51 690 680 10 47 60 29 9 46 680 670 9 44 57 27 8 43 670 660 8 40 54 25 7 40 660 650 7 38 52 24 6 38 650 Language (Without Listening) Subject Tests Score French German Modern Hebrew Italian Latin Spanish Score 800 87 93 85 88 94 92 800 790 86 88 81 81 92 90 790 780 84 85 77 77 90 87 780 770 81 82 75 72 89 84 770 760 79 81 74 69 86 80 760 750 77 76 71 64 82 77 750 740 74 73 70 61 81 74 740 730 72 71 68 57 77 70 730 720 69 67 66 54 74 67 720 710 67 66 66 52 70 64 710 700 65 63 63 49 67 60 700 690 62 60 62 46 66 57 690 680 60 59 60 43 62 54 680 670 58 56 59 40 60 50 670 660 55 53 57 38 57 47 660 650 53 51 55 36 54 44 650 640 50 49 53 33 51 41 640 630 47 47 51 31 49 38 630 As you can see, there's a lot of variation in percentiles among SAT Subject Tests. That's what makes answering the question of what's a good SAT Subject Test score a bit more complicated. Some tests are considered easier than others, and percentiles can be more competitive depending on the population of test takers. Based on this data, here are my suggestions for good and excellent scores for each test. These are the scores you should aim for if you want to achieve the 70th percentile or above, 80th percentile or above, or 90th percentile or above. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Good and Excellent SAT Subject Test Scores The last way to identify a great SAT Subject Test score is to find out which score you need in order to hit a certain percentile. Below, we've compiled all of the scores needed to reach the 70th, 80th, and 90th percentiles on each Subject Test: Subject Test 70th %ile+ 80th %ile+ 90th %ile+ Chemistry 740-750 770 800 Chinese with Listening 800 800 800 Ecological Biology 690 720 750-760 French 720-730 760-770 800 French with Listening 760 800 800 German 720-730 750-760 790-800 German with Listening 710 740 770 Italian 760-770 780-790 800 Japanese with Listening 780-790 790-800 800 Korean with Listening 800 800 800 Latin 710 730-740 780 Literature 680-690 710-720 740-750 Math Level I 680-690 710-720 740-750 Math Level II 770-780 800 800 Modern Hebrew 740 780-790 800 Molecular Biology 720-730 750-760 780-790 Physics 750 770-780 800 Spanish 730 760 790 Spanish with Listening 740-750 760-770 780-790 U.S. History 710-720 740 770 World History 690-700 730 770 Source: The College Board Some tests, such as Math Level II, Chemistry, Physics, Chinese with Listening, French, French with Listening, Italian, Japanese with Listening, Korean with Listening, and Modern Hebrew, require near-perfect scores to get a high percentile! Don't feel overwhelmed by this, though. A lot of these tests have high averages and low standard deviations, meaning that most well-prepared students are able to get a high score near or above the average. If these subjects are your strong suit, then you are statistically likely to be able to achieve a very high score. On the flip side, if you're not so strong in math, chemistry, physics, or these other subjects, keep in mind that the grading curve is very competitive- you'll be competing with students likely bound for top engineering and technical schools, such as Caltech and MIT (or native speakers for any of the language tests). Reflect on your academic strengths and subject mastery to determine whether one of these tests is right for you. As I mentioned earlier, good SAT Subject Test scores are higher than good scores on the general SAT. As you can see, to score in the 70th percentile or higher, you'll have to get in the 700s for almost allsubject tests. There is one more consideration when determining good scores on the SAT Subject Tests: the colleges you're applying to. Your percentiles are comparing you with all students who took the test- but not all of these students are applying to the same colleges as you. Therefore, it's helpful to get a sense of what the average Subject Test scores are for your colleges specifically. What scores do they expect to see? Do admitted students usually score in the low 700s or high 700s? Will the school overlook a low percentile on a Subject Test if it knows the curve for that test was particularly competitive? Let's consider these questions a little more in-depth. Uncovering your college's requirements might take a bit of detective work. What SAT Subject Test Scores Do Your Colleges Want? As with all the other parts of your application, you want to know what your colleges are looking for. What SAT scores do you need? What do they consider a strong GPA? Unfortunately, colleges can be pretty evasive when it comes to giving you answers to these types of questions. Instead, they stress that it's a holistic process andthat admissions officers are looking at all elements of your application to get a sense of who you are as a person. While this is all well and good and you wouldn't want your candidacy to be boiled down only to facts and figures, it still leaves you a bit stuck when it comes to the SAT and SAT Subject Tests. The first step you can take is toresearch the admissions websites of your colleges. Simply Google the name of the college along with "SAT Subject Tests" or "average SAT Subject Test scores" and you might find exactly what you're looking for. If this is a dead end, you could try calling admissions officers and asking if they will share this data (or at least their recommendations). If you're concerned about bothering them, don't be! Lots of admissions officers have tons of valuable information and are happy to share. Plus,demonstrating that you have a vested interest in the college- for example,by speaking with people on campus, visiting the school, or even just putting your name on mailing lists- will further strengthen your application. With the college process, there's nothing helpful about playing hard to get. Put yourself out there! If your sights are set on the Ivy League, check out our article on the Subject Test scores and requirements for the Ivy League. Finally, let's step outside statistics and requirements and consider your own personal goals. Did you celebrate 3/14 this year? Show off your affinity for math by scoring high on the Math Subject Test. How to Customize Your Target SAT Subject Test Scores What are your personal goals for the SAT Subject Tests? Have you memorized the first 100 digits of pi, or are you always the one who calculates the tip at dinner? If you consider yourself a math whiz, then it might be very important for you to score highly on the Math Subject Test. When I was in high school, I absolutely loved English class. Reading and analyzing books revealed new ways of thinking about the world and human relationships. Even when it was hard work, it was work I wanted to do. This doesn't mean I was naturally able to score a perfect score on the Literature Subject Test, though. That test used a much different way of demonstrating subject mastery than my normal classwork did, especially considering its strict time limits. But I felt driven to score well, so I studied practice questions and trained myself to read passages and answer questions under tight time limits. By reflecting on your strengths and interests, as well as by taking practice tests and scoring them yourself, you can develop your own sense of what a good Subject Test score is for you. Once you've set your target scores, tape them to your wall so you can see them every day. Sharing your goals with friends, study buddies, or family members is another good way to stay focused. Once you've set your goals based on this information and your colleges' expectations, you can start preparing for the SAT Subject Tests you've chosen.The College Board offers a helpful breakdown of each Subject Test in addition to practice questions. You can also check out our other resources below to answer any other questions you have about the Subject Tests or SAT. What's Next? You know what makes for good scores on the SAT Subject Tests, but have you decided which ones you're going to take? Check out our expert guide on which Subject Tests you should take. Are you also studying for the SAT? Just as with the Subject Tests, you'll want to set score goals for yourself and work toward achieving them. Read here about good scores, bad scores, and excellent scores on the SAT. If you're considering the ACT instead, this article breaks down the scoring system and helps you set your target ACT scores. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

Postcolonial Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Postcolonial Literature - Essay Example /inferior postcolonial literature dominates most literary study and it is clear that the establishment of Afrocentric criteria poses an important challenge to the traditional patterns. Not all of the hierarchies are so clearly drawn, nor are they so firmly entrenched as one might believe. Postcolonial critics such as Said, Loomba, Bhabha and Fanon address and describe the principal features of postcolonialisms intellectual inheritance. Edward Said Orientalism (1991) unveils an uneasy relationship with Marxism, a specifically poststructuralist and anti-humanist understanding of two opposite worlds: Western and colonial ones. In his works, Said states that while all texts are worldly, great texts reflect the greatest pressures and preoccupations of the postcolonial world. In contrast to Said, Fanon depicts resistance and anti-colonial ideas typical for the society of this period of time. In his works, Fanon pays a special attention to French colonialism and collective violence. Fanon claims that the most important thing for citizens is total liberation and freedom, liberal ideas and self-understanding. He writes: â€Å"Colonialism wants everything to come from it. But the dominant psychological feature of the colonized is to withdraw before any invitation of the conqu erors† (Fanon 63). In contrast to said, Fanon pays a special attention to grievances and problems of black population, slave and master relationships. B. Achebe Things Fall Apart focuses on the debilitating consequences of colonialism in the traditional African society with the sacrosanct male protagonists at the center of that society. Since the womans voice is, as it were, muted and the mans accented, many a feminist reader, nettled by such gross marginalization of the female gender, has relent- lessly flayed Achebes masculinist bigotry. Indeed, things fall apart because women have not been recognized as a potential dynamic force. Achebe makes no bones about delineating a woman as a slave rather than